Developing metal‐organic framework‐based composite for innovative fuel cell application: An overview

In this work, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), known as porous carbon, organic ligands, and crystalline materials have been reviewed as it consists of excellent properties, including high surface area, porosity, functional consistency, and uniform structure. The structural of MOFs, including secondary building units, open metal sites, pore sizes, functional materials, and development of MOF have been extensively studied as it helps to conduct electricity and promising good efficiency. To improve the performance in fuel cell applications, especially in catalytic activity such as oxygen reduction reaction and proton exchange membrane, the combination of MOF and other materials such as MOF/carbon material composites, MOF/metal nanoparticles (NPs), and MOF/biocomposites has been discussed in details, which can increase the potential and efficiency of catalysts. MOF-derivatives, including MOF-derived porous carbon, MOF-derived NPs, MOF-derived metal oxides, and MOF-derived metal phosphide, has been provided in this review as it has its advantages; (a) increase the mass density of active sites, (b) increase intrinsic activity of active sites, (c) increase electrocatalyst conductivity (d), and accelerate electron transfer. Hence, it can produce materials with high thermal and chemical stability, embracing metal sites, and efficiency in active sites. These advantages have made the MOF a promising material to increase efficiency in fuel cell application and attract interest to further expand in other fields in the future.