A Review of Machine Learning Techniques for Optical Wireless Communication in Intelligent Transport Systems

Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) are crucial for safety, efficiency, and reduced congestion in transportation. They require efficient, secure, high-speed communication. Radio Frequency (RF) technologies like Fifth Generation (5G), Beyond 5G (B5G), and Sixth Generation (6G) are promising, but spectrum scarcity mandates coexistence with Optical Wireless Communication (OWC) networks, which offer high data rates and security, forming a strong foundation for hybrid RF/OWC applications in ITS. In this paper, we delve into the application of Machine Learning (ML) to enhance data communications within OWC systems in ITS. We commence by conducting an in-depth examination of the data communication prerequisites and the associated challenges within the ITS domain. Subsequently, we elucidate the compelling rationale behind the convergence of heterogeneous RF technologies with OWC for data communications in ITS scenarios. Our investigation then pivots towards elucidating the indispensable role played by ML in optimizing data communications via OWC within ITS. To provide a comprehensive perspective, we systematically evaluate and compare a spectrum of ML methodologies employed in OWC ITS data communications. As a culmination of our study, we proffer a set of valuable recommendations and illuminate promising avenues for future research endeavors that warrant further exploration within this critical intersection of ML, OWC, and ITS data communications.