Toxicity assessment of exposure to four short- and ultra-short PFAS using Daphnia magna and Hydra vulgaris as models

, respectively). Long-term exposure to TFA did not significantly induce any effect on both species and GST levels were not altered. Overall, results suggest lower toxicity of ultra/short-chain PFAS to these species under selected exposure conditions. However, additional studies investigating multigenerational effects of these PFAS using realistic environmental concentrations are needed to overcome the significant gaps in our understanding of short/ultra-short PFAS-induced toxicity.