Role of policies and institutional frameworks in sustaining conservation agriculture: a critical review of Pfumvudza/Intwasa programme in Zimbabwe

Abstract Background Conservation agriculture has emerged as a critical strategy for enhancing agricultural productivity, resilience, and food security amidst climate variability in Sub-Saharan Africa. The Pfumvudza/Intwasa initiative promotes conservation agriculture practices among smallholder farmers and aligns with national policies such as the National Agriculture Policy Framework (2019–2030), the Climate-Smart Agriculture Policy (2018), and the National Development Strategy 1 (2021–2025). These policies provide essential guidelines for implementation, resource allocation, and support systems. Aim: This review critically examines the role of government policies and institutional frameworks in sustaining conservation agriculture practices in Zimbabwe, with a focus on the Pfumvudza/Intwasa programme. Method: A systematic literature review was conducted, analyzing peer-reviewed articles, policy documents, and government reports published between 2000 and 2024. Boolean operators and an inclusion criterion ensured a comprehensive exploration of themes such as climate resilience, policy alignment, and institutional effectiveness. Results: The findings reveal both strengths and limitations in existing policies and frameworks. While the policies emphasize conservation agriculture, inclusive participation, and resource distribution, challenges such as inadequate institutional coordination, limited extension services, and funding constraints undermine the sustainability of the Pfumvudza/Intwasa programme. Misalignment among policies, inefficiencies in resource allocation, and political interference further limit the program’s reach and effectiveness. Conclusion: The review concludes that government policies have successfully laid a foundation for integrating conservation agriculture into Zimbabwe’s agricultural landscape, enhancing smallholder resilience and productivity. However, persistent challenges in implementation require urgent attention. Strengthening institutional capacity, improving coordination among stakeholders, and addressing resource gaps are critical to ensuring the program’s long-term success. Recommendation: The review recommends policy harmonization, targeted investments in extension services, and the promotion of equitable resource distribution. Additionally, leveraging technology for monitoring, enhancing market access for smallholders, and fostering public-private partnerships will support the scalability and sustainability of Pfumvudza/Intwasa. These measures will enhance Zimbabwe’s food security, climate resilience, and agricultural development goals.