Canadian guidelines for treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: a focus on intravescal therapy

In 2008, bladder cancer was estimated to be the fourthmost common male cancer accounting for 6% of all can -cers and the eighth highest cancer-related mortality rate inCanadian men. The most common type is urothelial carci-noma (greater than 90%), followed by adenocarcinoma,squamous cell and small cell carcinoma. Risk factors thathave been associated with bladder cancer include smok -ing, chronic inflammatory changes in the bladder (due topersistent bladder stones, recurrent urinary tract infections,indwelling catheters or schistosomiasis) and chemothera -peutic exposure, such as cyclophosphamide.