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This paper presents the results of research of plunger shape influence on the time response and attraction force of DC solenoid electromagnetic actuator depending on the length of the working gap. The plunger shape optimization has been performed on two-dimensional (2D) axial-symmetric model using a genetic algorithm, while the magnetic subsystem of electromagnetic actuator is analyzed by the finite element method (FEM).
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Plavec et al. (2016) studied this question.
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