Consensus and inconsistency between different consensus documents on renal denervation worldwide: the way forward

Given the unsatisfactory hypertension control rates and high rates of non-adherence to antihypertensive medications worldwide, device therapy which can safely provide durable blood pressure-lowering effects can fulfill the unmet need. A series of second-generation randomized sham-controlled renal denervation (RDN) trials have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of RDN in a wide range of hypertensive patients. The four representative consensus documents on RDN (from the Chinese Taiwan Hypertension Society and Taiwan Society of Cardiology [THS/TSOC 2019], Asia Renal Denervation Consortium 2019, European Society of Hypertension [ESH 2021], and Society for Cardiovascular Angiography & Intervention and National Kidney Foundation [SCAI/NKF 2021]) consistently recommend RDN as an alternative or complementary treatment strategy for patients with uncontrolled hypertension. In addition, both documents from Asia further recommend that RDN can be considered as an initial treatment strategy for drug-naïve hypertensive patients. There is still inconsistency regarding whether ambulatory blood pressure monitoring should be used routinely both before and after RDN, and whether patients with a secondary cause of hypertension could be treated with RDN if their blood pressure remains uncontrolled after definitive treatment (treatment-resistant secondary hypertension). The THS/TSOC consensus provides acronyms to summarize key aspects of patient selection (RDNi2) and pre-RDN assessments (RAS). The ESH and SCAI/NKF documents recommend establishing structured pathways for clinical practice and issues regarding reimbursement. All documents identify knowledge gaps in RDN, from identifying predictors of super-responders to demonstrating effects on cardiovascular events. These gaps should be urgently filled to facilitate the wider application of this device therapy for patients with hypertension.