Understanding ozone variability in spatial responses to emissions and meteorology in China using interpretable machine learning

across China. Meteorological impacts vary regionally, leading to decreased ozone concentrations in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and Sichuan Basin, and elevated concentrations in the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta. Temperature is the main factor influencing ozone variability in the North China region, while solar radiation dominates in other regions, with an interaction between them. Under moderate radiation, temperature has a greater impact on ozone; otherwise, solar radiation is dominant.