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The improvement of cell performance of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) was investigated by means of haze of TiO 2 electrodes and series-internal resistance. It was found that the high haze of TiO 2 electrodes effectively improves the external quantum efficiency of DSCs. The series-internal resistance is successfully reduced by increasing the surface roughness of platinum counter electrodes and by decreasing the thickness of electrolyte layer. The highest single cell efficiency of 11.1% (aperture area: 0.219 cm 2 ) was achieved and confirmed by a public test center (AIST). Furthermore, large-scaled cell was fabricated using current collecting metal grids, and the efficiency of 6.8% (aperture area: 101 cm 2 ) was obtained. Moreover, integrated DSC module was investigated and the efficiency of 6.3% (aperture area: 26.50 cm 2 ) was also confirmed by the public test center
Han et al. (2006) studied this question.