Lifelong high-fat, high-sucrose diet causes sex-specific heart dysfunction in mouse offspring

Figures

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  Figure 1 •. Schematic study design. Timeline of (a) maternal and (b) offspring diet interventions, and body composition assessments and cardiac function analysis using pressure–volume (P–V) loop measurements. CON—control standard chow diet; HFHS—high-fat, high-sucrose diet.

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  Figure 2 •. Body weight. (a) BW trajectories from weaning, 6, 20, and 27 weeks of age and (b) final BW at 29–32 weeks. Values are expressed as mean ± with the standard error of the mean (SEM). ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001. n = 7–9 in CON male; n = 5 in HFHS male; n = 7–11 in CON female; n = 5–6 in HFHS female. BW—body weight; CON—control standard chow diet; HFHS—high-fat, high-sucrose diet; blue rhombus—CON male; red square—HFHS male; green rhombus—CON female; pink square—HFHS female; blue circle—CON group; red circle—HFHS group.

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  Figure 3 •. Body composition at 6 and 22 weeks. (a) Fat mass and (b) fat mass/BW. (c) Lean mass and (d) lean mass/BW. Values are expressed as mean ± with the standard error mean (SEM). n = 7–9 in CON male; n = 5 in HFHS male; n = 7–11 in CON female; n = 6 in HFHS female. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; **** p < 0.0001. BW—body weight; CON—control standard chow diet; HFHS—high-fat, high-sucrose diet; blue rhombus—CON male; red square—HFHS male; green rhombus—CON female; pink square—HFHS female.

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  Figure 4 •. Heart morphology. (a) Absolute HW and (b) LVW. (c) HW/BW and (d) LVW/BW. Values are expressed as mean ± with the standard error mean (SEM). n = 6 in CON male; n = 4 in HFHS male; n = 9 in CON female; n = 5 in HFHS female. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001. HW—heart weight; LVW—left ventricle weight; BW—body weight; CON—control standard chow diet; HFHS—high-fat, high-sucrose diet; blue circle—CON group; red circle—HFHS group.

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  Figure 5 •. Load-independent indices of cardiac performance. (a) Ees, (b) PRSW, (c) Eed, (d) Eed/BW, and (e) Ees/Ea. Values are expressed as mean ± with the standard error mean (SEM). n = 5 in CON male; n = 4 in HFHS male; n = 7 in CON female; n = 5 in HFHS female. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001. Ees—end-systolic elastance; PRSW—preload recruitable stroke work; Eed—end-diastolic elastance; BW—body weight; Ees/Ea—ventricular–arterial coupling; CON—control standard chow diet; HFHS—high-fat, high-sucrose diet; blue circle—CON group; red circle—HFHS group.