Activation and evasion of inflammasomes during viral and microbial infection

The inflammasome is a cytoplasmic multiprotein complex that induces the maturation of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-18 (IL-18) or pyroptosis by activating caspases, which play critical roles in regulating inflammation, cell death, and various cellular processes. Multiple studies have shown that the inflammasome is a key regulator of the host defence response against pathogen infections. During the process of pathogenic microbe invasion into host cells, the host's innate immune system recognizes these microbes by activating inflammasomes, triggering inflammatory responses to clear the microbes and initiate immune responses. Moreover, microbial pathogens have evolved various mechanisms to inhibit or evade the activation of inflammasomes. Therefore, we review the interactions between viruses and microbes with inflammasomes during the invasion process, highlight the molecular mechanisms of inflammasome activation induced by microbial pathogen infection, and highlight the corresponding strategies that pathogens employ to evade inflammasome activity. Finally, we also discuss potential therapeutic strategies for the treatment of pathogenic microbial infections via the targeting of inflammasomes and their products.