Total sleep deprivation reduces the table tennis anticipation performance of young men: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study

Figures

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  Figure 1. Experimental design (A) Overall experimental arrangement. (B) Presentation order of stimuli in one trial. (C) Example of sequence of consecutive pictures output from the video of the table tennis service. Only the 1st, 5th, 10th, 15th, 20th, 25th, and 30th frames in a sequence are displayed in the figure. Thirty frames would be presented in the formal experiment. RT, reaction time.

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  Figure 2. Accuracy and reaction time of the different groups under different conditions (A) ACC of different groups under different conditions. The main effects of group and condition are significant. The ACC at baseline is higher than that after SD. (B) The RT of different groups under different conditions. The RT at baseline is shorter than that after SD. ACC, accuracy; RT, reaction time; SD, sleep deprivation. ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, error bar: ± SE.

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  Figure 3. Brain activation in the table tennis player and non-athlete groups while completing the anticipation task at baseline.

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  Figure 4. Differences between the table tennis player and non-athlete groups in the effects of SD on the left hippocampus and orbital part of the right inferior frontal gyrus (A) Voxel-wise analysis: the interaction effect between group and condition. (B) Diagram of simple effects. The round dots represent the mean parameter estimates for each group per condition. The black solid line represents the mean value, and the error bar represents ± sd. ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗∗p < 0.005, ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001. HIP_L, left hippocampus; ORBinf_R, orbital part of the right inferior frontal gyrus.

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  Figure 5. Brain regions with different activations between the table tennis player and non-athlete groups (A) Voxel-wise analysis: the main effect of the group. (B) Round dots represent the average of the parameter estimates at baseline and after sleep deprivation ((parameter estimates at baseline + parameter estimates after sleep deprivation)/2). The black solid line represents the mean, and the error bar represents ± sd. SMA_R, right supplementary motor area; SFGmed_R, right medial superior frontal gyrus; SFG_R, right superior frontal gyrus; SFG_L, left superior frontal gyrus; ITG_R, right inferior temporal gyrus.

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  Figure 6. Brain regions with different activations between baseline and after SD (A) Voxel-wise analysis: Main effect of condition. (B) Round dots represent the mean parameter estimate for each subject per condition. The black solid line represents the mean, and the error bar represents ± sd. MTG_R (BA 37), right middle temporal gyrus; MTG_R (BA 21 & 22), right middle temporal gyrus; MOG_L, left middle occipital gyrus; BA, Brodmann area.

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  Figure 7. Correlation between the changes in ACC and the changes in ORBinf_R activation in the non-athlete group β difference: ORBinf_R activation after SD minus the ORBinf_R activation at baseline in the non-athlete group. ACC difference: ACC after SD minus the ACC at baseline in the non-athlete group. ORBinf_R: orbital part of the right inferior frontal gyrus, ACC, accuracy, Curve line: 95% confidence interval of correlation coefficient.