Decreased Functional Connectivity of Brain Networks in the Alpha Band after Sleep Deprivation Is Associated with Decreased Inhibitory Control in Young Male Adults

Figures

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  Figure 1. Visual Go/NoGo task diagram. The task was divided into two blocks, each containing 200 trials. Go and NoGo stimuli accounted for 2/3 and 1/3 of all stimuli, respectively; the presentation time of each stimulus was 100 ms and the interval between two adjacent stimuli was 800 ms.

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  Figure 2. Flowchart showcasing the sleep deprivation experiment, with 60 h of experimental time. Participants entered the laboratory at 20:00 on the first night of the experiment and slept normally in the laboratory. The behavioral and electroencephalogram (EEG) data of the first resting-state and Go/NoGo task were collected at 08:00 on the second day (TSD: 0 h). On the third night, the behavioral and EEG data of the second resting-state and Go/NoGo task were collected after 35.5 ± 1.0 h of sleep deprivation (TSD: 36 h). Participants stayed in the laboratory for restorative sleep on the third night and left the laboratory at 8:00 a.m. on the fourth day.

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  Figure 3. The differences in reaction times (RT) and hit rates in Go trials and false alarms (FA) in NoGo trials at baseline and 36-h total sleep deprivation (TSD). (A): Go-RTs: Go stimulus reaction times at baseline and 36-h TSD; (B): Go-Hit Rates: Go stimulus hit rates at baseline and 36-h TSD; (C): NoGo-FA: NoGo stimulation false alarms at baseline and 36-h TSD. Error bars represent standard deviation. *: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001.

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  Figure 4. Event-related potential (ERP) and topographic maps of NoGo-N2 (200–300 ms) and NoGo-P3 (350–450 ms) at baseline and 36-h total sleep deprivation (TSD). ERP was calculated by averaging the data at Fz, F3, F4, FCz, FC3, and FC4 electrodes. The red and blue curves represent the ERP for the baseline and 36-h TSD conditions, respectively; the shaded area around each line represents the standard deviation of the signal divided by the square root of the number of channels.

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  Figure 5. Whole brain functional connectivity results. The squares represent 90 brain regions. The yellow squares represent sensorimotor networks, the green squares represent default mode networks, the purple squares represent attention networks, the pink squares represent subcortical networks, and the blue squares represent visual networks. The connection is a significant functional connection.

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  Figure 6. Results of functional connectivity of brain regions with significant correlation to N2 and P3 amplitude changes. (A): Single view: Sagittal; (B): Single view: Axial; (C): Single view: Coronal. Yellow is sensorimotor network, green is default mode network, purple is attention network, pink is subcortical network, and blue is visual network. ORBmid.R: right orbital middle frontal gyrus; IFGtriang.R: right triangle inferior frontal gyrus; REC.L: left gyrus rectus; PCG.L: left posterior cingulate gyrus; PHG.L: left parahippocampal gyrus; MOG.L: left middle occipital gyrus; IOG.R: right inferior occipital gyrus; FFG.R: right fusiform gyrus; CUN.L: left cuneus; PoCG.R: right postcentral gyrus; ITG.R: right inferior temporal gyrus; CUN.R: right cuneus; CAL.R: right calcarine fissure surrounding cortex; LING.R: right lingual gyrus; IOG.L: left inferior occipital gyrus.

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  Figure 7. Significant correlation between functional connectivity (FC) changes and N2 amplitude changes. ORBmid.R: right orbital middle frontal gyrus; IFGtriang.R: right triangle inferior frontal gyrus; REC.L: left gyrus rectus; PCG.L: left posterior cingulate gyrus; PHG.L: left parahippocampal gyrus; MOG.L: left middle occipital gyrus; IOG.R: right inferior occipital gyrus; FFG.R: right fusiform gyrus; CUN.L: left cuneus; PoCG.R: right postcentral gyrus; ITG.R: right inferior temporal gyrus. (A): Correlation between ∆FC of ORBmid.R and IFGtriang.R and ∆N2 amplitude; (B): Correlation between ∆FC of IFGtriang.R and REC.L and ∆N2 amplitude; (C): Correlation between ∆FC of PCG.L and PHG.L and ∆N2 amplitude; (D): Correlation between ∆FC of MOG.L and IOG.R and ∆N2 amplitude; (E): Correlation between ∆FC of PCG.L and FFG.R and ∆N2 amplitude; (F): Correlation between ∆FC of CUN.L and FFG.R and ∆N2 amplitude; (G): Correlation between ∆FC of PCG.L and PoCG.R and ∆N2 amplitude; (H): Correlation between ∆FC of PCG.L and ITG.R and ∆N2 amplitude. *: p < 0.05.

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  Figure 8. Significant correlation between functional connectivity (FC) changes and P3 amplitude changes. MOG.L: left middle occipital gyrus; IOG.R: right inferior occipital gyrus; CUN.L: left cuneus; CUN.R: right cuneus; CAL.R: right calcarine fissure surrounding cortex; LING.R: right lingual gyrus; IOG.L: left inferior occipital gyrus. (A): Correlation between ∆FC of CUN.R and CAL.R and ∆P3 amplitude; (B): Correlation between ∆FC of CUN.L and LING.R and ∆P3 amplitude; (C): Correlation between ∆FC of CUN.L and IOG.R and ∆P3 amplitude; (D): Correlation between ∆FC of MOG.L and IOG.R and ∆P3 amplitude; (E): Correlation between ∆FC of IOG.L and IOG.R and ∆P3 amplitude. *: p < 0.05; **: p < 0.01.