Altered insular functional connectivity correlates to impaired vigilant attention after sleep deprivation: A resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study

Figures

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  FIGURE 1. The psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) paradigm. Firstly, a yellow fixation cross with a red box appeared in the center of a black background on the screen and remained for 2 s. Then, a yellow numerical stimulus was presented in the red box for a random duration of 2–10 s. After that, participant had to respond to the mouse button press as soon as possible. After pressing the button, the box turned yellow, and the number in the box was the participant’s response time.

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  FIGURE 2. Experimental flow chart. Total sleep deprivation (TSD) began after a routine nocturnal sleep period, at 08:00 on Day 2, and ended at 20:00 at Day 3. Participants were required to stay awake for 36 h during the whole TSD session. Participants performed psychomotor vigilance tasks (PVT) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning at 20:00 on Day 2. After 36 h TSD, fMRI scanning, and PVT was performed at approximately 20:00 on Day 3 for all participants.

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  FIGURE 3. Preprocessing and analysis pipeline. (A) Preprocessing pipeline; (B) analysis pipeline: first and second level analyses; (C) ROI-to-ROI map: 26 regions of interest (ROis) were selected from the six large scale networks: default mode network (DMN), sensorimotor network (SMN), visual network (VN), salience network (SN), dorsal attention network (DAN), ventral attention and frontal-parietal control network (FPN), SN as the seed, ROI-to-ROI analysis. SD, sleep deprivation; RW, rested wakefulness; ROI, regions of interest.

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  FIGURE 4. Twenty six brain regions of interest (ROis) distribution in the brain. Default mode network (DMN), sensorimotor network (SMN), visual network (VN), salience network (SN), dorsal attention network (DAN), ventral attention, and frontal-parietal control network (FPN). These numbers correspond to the number of brain regions in Table 1.

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  FIGURE 5. ROI-to-ROI connectivity of six networks in panels (A) rested wakefulness (RW) and (B) total sleep deprivation (TSD) scans [p < 0.001 FDR set wise corrected for all comparisons across the entire network]. ROI, region of interest; SD, sleep deprivation; DMN, default mode network; SMN, sensorimotor network; VN, visual network; SN, salience network; DAN, dorsal attention network; ventral attention and frontal-parietal control network (FPN).

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  FIGURE 6. Alerted ROI-to-ROI functional connectivity of networks contrasting in rested wakefulness (RW) vs. total sleep deprivation (TSD) scans: Comparing to RW scan, functional connectivity of ACC-Alsula (R) [within salience network (SN)] is higher (the red line), and functional connectivity of SMG(L)-Lateral(R) (SN-VN) is lower (the blue line). All the results are shown at panels (A) left view, (B) right view, (C) anterior view, (D) superior view. (FDR set wise corrected for all comparisons across the entire network). ROI, region of interest; ACC, anterior cingulate cortex; SMG(L), left supramarginal gyrus; VN, visual network. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.

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  FIGURE 7. Alerted functional connectivity correlate to altered reaction time of vigilance attention: altered reaction time of vigilance attention is (A) positively correlated with the alerted functional connectivity of ACC-Alsula (R) [within salience network (SN)], and (B) negatively correlated with the alerted functional connectivity of SMG(L)-Lateral(R) (SN-VN) TSD, total sleep deprivation; RW, rested wakefulness; ACC, anterior cingulate cortex; SMG(L), left supramarginal gyrus; VN, visual network. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.