Immunotherapy as a Downstaging Therapy for Liver Transplantation

Locoregional therapies are downstaging methods for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) outside Milan criteria. Sorafenib was the first systemic therapy tested in a neoadjuvant setting of liver transplantation, but with unsatisfactory results due to minimal response rate(1). Recently, immune checkpoint inhibitors have been shown to control HCC in a significant fraction of patients and to even induce complete response (2).