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This study aims to optimize energy management in electric buses using a dual-level control strategy for hybrid energy storage systems.

Energy management of hybrid storage in an electric bus via optimized dual-level control

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This study aims to optimize energy management in electric buses using a dual-level control strategy for hybrid energy storage systems.
Developed a dual-level control strategy combining a fast-level control with a low-pass filter and a slow-level control with a PI controller.
Optimized key parameters using a genetic algorithm to enhance performance and reduce battery degradation.
Validated the methodology through simulations and experimental tests using a model of an electric bus.
Achieved a 20% reduction in battery degradation compared with traditional strategies, with metrics provided.
Demonstrated improved battery lifetime and adaptability in various hybrid energy storage sizing configurations.
Showed consistent dynamic behavior between simulation results and experimental data.

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Randomized trial demonstrates improved energy efficiency in electric buses using optimized hybrid storage control.

Borrego-Orpinell et al. (2026) studied this question.

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