This non-randomized, open-labelled, controlled pilot trial investigated the impact of stunting on oral health and the oral microbiome, and evaluated the effect of 14-day probiotic or essential oil mouthwash interventions in children aged 8–12 years. Thirty-six participants (18 stunted, 18 non-stunted) were randomized into three parallel arms: probiotic lozenges (Limosilactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 + ATCC PTA 5289), essential oil mouthwash, or water control. D-25OH level was assessed with ELISA, OHI-S, and PBI were examined, and oral microbiome was analyzed using 16S metagenomic sequencing. Stunted children demonstrated significantly higher gingival inflammation (PBI, F = 10.57, p = 0.002), reduced microbial alpha diversity, reductions in commensal Streptococcus spp., and increases in pathobionts, including Parvimonas micra, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Tannerella forsythia. Beta-diversity analysis revealed distinct microbial communities (p = 0.001), with network analysis identifying these anaerobes as keystone hubs in stunted individuals. Salivary vitamin D and oral hygiene indices (OHI-S) also differed by stunting status. Fourteen-day interventions produced only modest, non-significant improvements in clinical indices and failed to induce significant shifts in microbial diversity or composition. These findings indicate that nutritional stunting is independently associated with oral dysbiosis and gingival inflammation. Short-term antiseptic interventions appear insufficient to reverse established microbial shifts, highlighting the need for sustained, integrated nutritional—oral health strategies.
Widyarman et al. (Sun,) studied this question.