Information search behavior of non-native language users in learning tasks: paths, patterns, and learning outcomes

Purpose This study aims to examine the information searching behavior of non-native users in learning-oriented tasks and to explore how search strategies and behavioral paths are associated with learning outcomes. Design/methodology/approach An experimental study was conducted, in which 28 non-native users completed learning-oriented Chinese writing tasks with and without search support. Screen recordings, structured behavioral logs, and writing performance scores were collected and analyzed to capture users' search strategies, behavioral sequences, and learning effects. Findings The results show that non-native users adopt simplified and concise query strategies, tend to search in non-native languages aligned with task requirements, rely on diversified information sources, and make extensive use of translation support. Learning-oriented searching is characterized by iterative and adaptive behavioral paths in which searching, browsing, and writing are tightly interwoven. Information searching has a significant overall effect on writing performance, although learning gains vary across individuals and behavioral indicators. Originality/value This study extends research on information behavior and search as learning by focusing on non-native users and adopting a process-oriented perspective. The findings provide empirical insights into how search behavior supports learning in non-native language contexts and offer implications for the design of search systems and learning environments.