Prehistoric visual art: Characteristics of its development over time and space

The aim of this study was to investigate the chronological development of prehistoric visual art, with a focus on its regional variations. The analysis was directed towards examining the artistic forms and techniques of various periods of prehistoric art, specifically from the Early Palaeolithic to the Neolithic, and their significance for the formation of symbolic systems. The research methodology was based on an analysis of four key aspects of art: the chronological development of artistic forms, regional differences in techniques and styles, the materials and techniques used, and the symbolic meaning of artistic objects. The study encompassed an analysis of rock art, megalithic structures, bone and stone carvings, ceramic artefacts, as well as objects associated with the symbolism of fertility, death and burials. The results of the study showed that prehistoric art was not only a means of artistic expression but also an important element of religious and social practices. In particular, depictions of animals reflected totemic beliefs and ritual functions, whilst abstract geometric symbols held deep spiritual significance linked to natural cycles. Geographical differences point to varying approaches to art across regions: from the rock art and megaliths of Western Europe to the carved objects of Eastern Europe and the symbolic ornaments of the Middle East. Figurines associated with fertility cults and artistic forms accompanying burials played a special role in rituals, emphasising the belief in life after death. Thus, the visual arts played a key role in reflecting the spiritual and social life of early societies, leaving vast scope for further research, particularly into the impact of environmental changes on the development of symbolic systems. The significance of the findings lies in deepening the understanding of the role of art as an instrument of social communication and ritual practice in early societies, which can be utilised in contemporary interdisciplinary research in archaeology, cultural anthropology and art history