The variational multiscale formulation of LES is applied to two-dimensional equilibrium and three-dimensional nonequilibrium channel flows. Simple, constant-coefficient Smagorinsky-type eddy viscosities, without wall damping functions, are used to model the decay of small scales, an approach which is not viable for wall-bounded flows within the traditional LES framework. Nevertheless, very good results are obtained.
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Hughes et al. (2001) studied this question.
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