Advancements in Cardiovascular Disease Research Affected by Smoking

Figures

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  Fig. 1.. Each tobacco product activates either an antioxidant or a pro-inflammatory response. The responses to next-generation tobacco and nicotine products (NGPs) were generally less pronounced than in cells exposed to traditional cigarettes (3R4F). Moreover, stimulation by conventional cigarettes (3R4F) led to impaired endothelial wound healing and induced a pro-inflammatory phenotype, as opposed to the milder effects observed with NGP treatment. PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; AKT, protein kinase B; eNOS (NOS3), endothelial nitric oxide synthase; HMOX1, heme oxygenase 1; NQO1, NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1; ICAM1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1; VCAM1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1; CCL2, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2; NRF2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2.

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  Fig. 2.. Smoking is harmful to health. Long-term smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke can easily cause diseases of the cardiovascular system, nervous system, respiratory system and digestive system.

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  Fig. 3.. illustrates the relative risks for specific CVD subtypes, indicating how many times more likely current smokers are to develop these CVD subtypes compared to non-smokers, with the increased risk in current smokers being statistically significant. CVD, cardiovascular diseases.

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  Fig. 4.. The top 45 countries in global smoking rates as published by the WHO in 2020. WHO, the World Health Organization.