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While there is immense potential in using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to facilitate precision water management, there is currently no consensus on practical strategies to operationally implement these technologies to guide water resources management decisions, particularly within smallholder farming contexts. To address this gap, this study employs bibliometric techniques to assess the current state of UAV applications for evapotranspiration (ET) estimation in agricultural settings. The analysis of 49 peer-reviewed papers from Scopus was conducted using Biblioshiny and VOSviewer to enhance comprehension of this expanding research field. The study highlights a significant increase in scholarly research on utilising UAVs for precision water management over the past decade. The investigations indicate that UAVs in agriculture are gaining prominence and exhibit substantial potential for various precision agriculture (PA) applications. Significant cost reductions for UAV technology and remote sensing (RS) are anticipated soon, primarily driven by the availability of open-source platforms for processing tasks, such as Google Earth Engine. This research aims to inform smallholder farmers about the benefits of integrating UAVs into their farming practices, enhancing operational efficiency and productivity. Policymakers can use these findings to develop regulatory frameworks and incentive schemes that facilitate UAV adoption among smallholder farmers. Additionally, technology developers can leverage insights from this study to identify areas needing innovation and optimisation tailored to small-scale agriculture. Hence, this study seeks to bridge the gap between technological advancements and practical agricultural applications, promoting sustainable farming practices and enhancing the socioeconomic welfare of smallholder farmers.
Yacoob et al. (Wed,) studied this question.