The mineral resources industry is entering a new era of legal regulation in the 21st century. Beyond expanding national laws, mineral activities and products will be increasingly subjected to international law—multi-national governmental and institutional regulations and requirements. This article explores the new trends and surveys the growing body of international legal authorities affecting every phase of the mineral industry's future from access to process to final products. ‘Because [international] environmental regulation is here to stay and bound to become more widely adopted, more stringent, and better enforced, the winners in the… [minerals] markets will not be those… that avoid environmental control (only later to be forced to internalise the high cost of having done so), but will be those… that were ahead of the game, those that played a role in changing the industry's production parameters, and those that used their innovative capabilities to their competitive advantage.’1
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Pring et al. (1999) studied this question.