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This study presents a detailed assessment of the economic impacts of battery energy storage system (BESS) integration in active distribution networks, focusing on the influence of varying storage capacities and initial State-of-Charge (SoC) levels. A two-stage stochastic mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) framework is employed to evaluate four BESS capacities 4, 6, 8, and 10 MWh under initial SoC levels of 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%, with uncertainty represented via Monte Carlo scenario generation and reduction. The model incorporates realistic market prices, load profiles, and photovoltaic generation data to reflect operational conditions encountered in modern distribution systems. Economic performance is assessed through annual operating profit and investment payback period, and the present net value, with negative operating costs consistently interpreted as profit. By analyzing charge–discharge behavior, cost dynamics, and payback characteristics under different storage configurations, the study provides comprehensive insights into the design and operation of economically efficient BESS deployments. The joint evaluation of storage capacity and initial SoC under uncertainty provides a novel perspective on economically efficient deployment strategies and offers guidance relevant to policy frameworks such as carbon pricing, incentive mechanisms, and other regulatory instruments. This study contributes to the growing body of literature by offering a comprehensive techno-economic framework for BESS deployment, bridging critical gaps in the understanding of storage system economics and providing actionable insights for policymakers, investors, and operators navigating the evolving energy landscape.
Fırış et al. (Thu,) studied this question.