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This research explores how fertility affects female labor supply using U.S. census data.

Fertility and Female Labor Supply: Evidence from USA IPUMS of 2009, 2010, and 2014

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Investigates fertility's effects on female labor supply, indicating significant impacts amid changing social norms.

This research explores how fertility affects female labor supply using U.S. census data.
Utilized U.S. IPUMS data from 2009, 2010, and 2014
Employed sex composition of the first two children as an instrumental variable
Analyzed the labor supply effects on female and male participation
Findings show a negative relationship between having a third child and women's labor force participation, hours worked, and income
Males also exhibit a smaller negative effect on labor supply
Annual income's significance is diminished in recent data compared to earlier trends.

Gao et al. (2024) studied this question.

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