Review of analyses on crowd-gathering risk and its evaluation methods

Overcrowding and stampedes may occur in public places with the gathering of crowds. To mitigate and prevent risk, the accident mechanism and methods for monitoring and evaluating crowd-gathering risk were investigated. Related studies are reviewed and summarized in this paper. The evolution process of crowd-gathering risk and precipitating factors were explained systematically. Risk monitoring methods are classified into three types according to the key technologies adopted. Articles exploring risk evaluation methods for crowd gathering are outlined, and the three main paradigms were formed. Finally, the shortcomings and future research points are summarized to promote more in-depth and comprehensive studies on crowd-gathering risk, develop monitoring technologies, and build an integrated system of risk management.