Developing prediction models for short-term mortality after surgery for colorectal cancer using a Danish national quality assurance database

Purpose The majority of colorectal cancer surgeries are performed electively, and treatment is often decided at the multidisciplinary team conference. Although the average 30-day mortality rate is low, there is substantial population heterogeneity from young, healthy patients to frail, elderly patients. The individual risk of surgery can vary widely, and tailoring treatment for colorectal cancer may lead to better outcomes. This requires risk prediction that is accurate and available prior to surgery. Methods Data from the Danish Colorectal Cancer Group database was transformed into the Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership Common Data Model. Models were developed to predict the risk of mortality within 30, 90, and 180 days after colorectal cancer surgery using only preoperative covariates. Several machine-learning models were trained, but due to superior performance, a Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator Logistic Regression was used for the final model. Performance was assessed with discrimination (area under the receiver operating characteristic and precision recall curve) and calibration measures (calibration-in-the-large, intercept, slope, and Brier score). Results The cohort contained 65.612 patients operated for colorectal cancer in the period from 2001 to 2019 in Denmark. The Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator model showed an area under the receiver operating characteristic for 30-, 90- and 180-day mortality after colorectal cancer surgery of 0.871 (95% CI: 0.86–0.882), 0.874 (95% CI: 0.864–0.882) and 0.876 (95% CI: 0.867–0.883) and calibration-in-the-large of 1.01, 0.98 and 1.01 respectively. Conclusion The postoperative short-term mortality prediction model showed excellent discrimination and calibration using only preoperative predictors.