Deep Learning in Thoracic Oncology: Meta-Analytical Insights into Lung Nodule Early-Detection Technologies

Background/Objectives: Detecting lung nodules on computed tomography (CT) images is critical for diagnosing thoracic cancers. Deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks (CNNs), show promise in automating this process. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of these models, focusing on lesion-wise sensitivity as the primary metric. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted, identifying 48 studies published up to 7 November 2023. The pooled diagnostic performance was assessed using a random-effects model, with lesion-wise sensitivity as the key outcome. Factors influencing model performance, including participant demographics, dataset privacy, and data splitting methods, were analyzed. Methodological rigor was maintained through the Checklist for Artificial Intelligence in Medical Imaging (CLAIM) and Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 (QUADAS-2) tools. Trial Registration: This review is registered with PROSPERO under CRD42023479887. Results: The meta-analysis revealed a pooled sensitivity of 79% (95% CI: 72–86%) for independent datasets and 85% (95% CI: 83–88%) across all datasets. Variability in performance was associated with dataset characteristics and study methodologies. Conclusions: While deep learning models demonstrate significant potential in lung nodule detection, the findings highlight the need for more diverse datasets, standardized evaluation protocols, and interventional studies to enhance generalizability and clinical applicability. Further research is necessary to validate these models across broader patient populations.