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Abstract 4D bioprinting is a groundbreaking technology with potential to revolutionize healthcare. It is based on additive manufacturing technologies, which are used to fabricate dynamic prosthetics and devices from biologically compatible smart materials that respond to stimuli. The ultimate end of 4D bioprinting is the creation of an artificial organ that perfectly mimics the functional movements of a native organ and is fully integrated within the human body. In this perspective, two phases are identified toward this end. The first is minimally invasive surgery (MIS) using shape memory composites stimulated by near‐infrared (NIR) light and/or magnetic fields. The second is dynamic tissue engineering (DTE) with activation by biological stimuli.
Imrie et al. (Tue,) studied this question.