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We have reached a point where mostly all Learning Management Systems provide a mature stable virtual extension or emulation of the classroom environment, well integrated with the back office and academic curriculum management. However, technology moves fast and society is keeping a good pace behind it. Smartphones and tablets have rendered obsolete the computer labs or computerized classrooms in less than 3 years since the launch of the first iPad. App Stores in all platforms -- mobile, desktop and web based- have provided ecosystems where developers of all kinds are innovating fast, creating new kinds of apps and services and iterating over new ways managing, sharing and discovering information and knowledge of all sorts. Some of this innovation is focused towards learning, and it is happening outside the Learning Management Systems and the classroom itself.
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Casany et al. (2013) studied this question.
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