Risk Factors and Clinical Characteristics of Graves’ Ophthalmopathy: a Retrospective Multicenter Study in Korea

Background and Objectives: Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) is an autoimmune inflammatory disorder that can adversely affect quality of life in patients with Graves' disease (GD).The objective of this study was to characterize the clinical features of patients with GO and to identify risk factors associated with its development and the need for anti-inflammatory treatment.Materials and Methods: In this multicenter, retrospective observational study, 818 patients with GD were identified via electronic medical record review.Clinical characteristics were assessed, and logistic regression analyses were performed to identify risk factors for GO development and the need for anti-inflammatory treatment.Results: Among the 818 patients with GD, 135 (16.5%) developed GO, and 60 (7.3%) of these patients received anti-inflammatory treatment.GO was diagnosed at the time of GD diagnosis in 54.8% of cases, and proptosis and eyelid/orbital swelling were the common presenting features.In multivariable analysis, female sex (odds ratio [OR]: 1.75, confidence interval [CI]: 1.02-3.03),goiter (OR: 1.71, CI: 1.08-2.71),and smoking (ex-smokers: OR, 2.18; 95% CI: 1.02-4.65;current smokers: OR, 3.11; CI, 1.78-5.44)were independently associated with GO development, whereas diabetes (OR: 0.35, CI: 0.14-0.89)was inversely associated.Higher total cholesterol (OR: 1.31, CI: 1.01-1.04)and elevated thyrotropin-binding inhibitory immunoglobulin levels (OR: 1.07, CI: 1.02-1.11)were also significantly associated with the need for anti-inflammatory treatment.Conclusion: This study delineated the clinical features of GO and identified risk factors for its development and the need for anti-inflammatory treatment in patients with GD, providing valuable information for the management of GO in Korean patients.