Enhancing pedicle screw placement training with a visual tracking guide template in augmented reality navigation

Objective This study presents a prototype visual tracking guide template (VTGT) for augmented reality (AR) navigation and assesses its initial feasibility for surgical training through a simulated pedicle screw placement exercise. Methods The VTGT is used to complete the registration and real-time tracking of AR images. After wearing AR devices, junior residents simulate pedicle screw placement on spine models with K-wires. The navigation error is measured by assessing the deviation value of entry point (DVEP) and deviation value of trajectory angle (DVTA). The Clinical feasibility and safety were evaluated based on operation time, user experience, and the Gertzbein-Robbins scale. Results Five junior residents participated in the experiment, and 100 K-wires were placed. The average time for each K-wire was 36.4 s, with an average user experience score of 87.8 points. The DVEP was 2.20 mm ± 0.55 mm, and the DVTA was 2.30° ± 0.78°. According to the Gertzbein-Robbins scale, all screws met the clinical safety requirements. Conclusion This study demonstrates that the VTGT-based AR navigation technology is both feasible and useful for training junior residents in pedicle screw placement.