A review of the mechanisms of acaricide resistance in Varroa destructor affecting honey bees

Honey bees (Apis mellifera) are crucial pollinators for economically significant crops. However, their colonies are increasingly threatened by a wide range of pathogens and parasites. Among these, the ectoparasitic mite, Varroa destructor, poses the most serious threat to bees worldwide. To combat Varroa mite infestations, beekeepers use a range of synthetic and organic acaricides. Nonetheless, the continuous use of these acaricides has led to the development of resistance in Varroa mites, thereby complicating control efforts. Key resistance mechanisms include enhanced detoxification and target-site insensitivity, which are influenced by genetic, anthropogenic, and ecological factors. While resistance mechanisms to pyrethroids are well documented, those related to organophosphates and formamidines remain less well understood. This review summarizes the current knowledge of Varroa mites’ resistance mechanisms to pyrethroids, organophosphates, and formamidines. It highlights recent advancements in non-chemical mite management approaches in the context of integrated pest management, and suggests future research directions to develop effective and sustainable mite control strategies.