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June 6, 2026BMC PsychologyOpen Access

Combined breathing and self-talk increases prefrontal theta power and improves coping skills in athletes.

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Why the study?

Breathing control and self-talk are commonly used to support athlete coping, but their combined effects on neurophysiological and psychological markers have not been examined.

Does a 4-week combined breathing control and self-talk intervention improve neural activity and coping skills in elite national-level athletes?

Comparison

Combined breathing control and self-talk intervention vs control group

Design

Randomized controlled trial

Follow-up

4 weeks

Key result

A 4-week combined breathing control and self-talk intervention significantly increased prefrontal theta power (p<0.001) and improved psychological coping skills in athletes.

Authors

KTKittichai TharawadeepimukEOEkarat OnnomANAmpika Nanbancha

Discussion

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Overview

Supports mental skills training in elite athletes; extends RCT evidence linking psychological interventions to prefrontal EEG modulation.

Key Points

  • To evaluate the effects of a 4-week combined breathing control and self-talk intervention on EEG activity and coping skills in athletes.
  • Randomized control trial design with 26 elite athletes (11 swimmers, 15 gymnasts) assigned to experimental or control group.
  • 16 sessions of intervention administered over 4 weeks, assessing EEG and ACSI-28 scores pre- and post-intervention.
  • EEG power spectral density analyzed using generalized linear mixed models; ACSI-28 assessed with repeated measures ANOVA.
  • Significant increase in theta power in the prefrontal area for the experimental group (p < .001).
  • Notable decrease in beta power in the frontal area for the experimental group (p = .003).
  • Improvements found in ACSI-28 subscales for coping with adversity (p = .018), concentration (p = .027), confidence and achievement motivation (p = .039), goal setting/mental preparation (p = .009), and peaking under pressure (p = .043).

Study Design

Type

RCT (n=26)

Randomization

randomized

Structured PICO

Does a 4-week combined breathing control and self-talk intervention improve neural activity and coping skills in elite national-level athletes?

P
Population
26 elite national-level athletes (11 swimmers and 15 gymnasts) randomized to a 4-week intervention or control.
I
Intervention
Combined breathing control and self-talk intervention consisting of 16 sessions over four weeks (four days per week)
C
Comparator
Control group
O
Outcome
Electroencephalogram (EEG) activity (power spectral density) and coping skills (Athletic Coping Skills Inventory-28 [ACSI-28] scores)surrogate

Main Result

p-value: p=<0.001

A 4-week combined breathing control and self-talk intervention improves psychological coping skills and alters neurophysiological markers related to anxiety regulation and attention in elite athletes.

Limitations

  • EEG findings should be interpreted as indirect neural correlates rather than direct markers of psychological states

Cite This Study

Tharawadeepimuk et al. (2026) conducted an RCT in elite national-level athletes (n=26). combined breathing control and self-talk vs. control was evaluated on EEG power spectral density and Athletic Coping Skills Inventory-28 (ACSI-28) scores (p=<0.001). A 4-week combined breathing control and self-talk intervention significantly increased prefrontal theta power (p<0.001) and improved psychological coping skills in athletes.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a23ba1771a5da9775e75ca4https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-026-04814-w
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