Carbapenemase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae: A Comprehensive Review of Epidemiology, Resistance Mechanisms and Phenotypic Detection

Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae is a major global health concern associated with severe infections, high mortality, and limited treatment options. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, antimicrobial resistance mechanisms, treatment strategies, and diagnostic approaches for carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from clinical samples. Particular emphasis is placed on phenotypic detection methods, including the modified Hodge test, modified carbapenem inactivation method, carbapenemase Nordmann-Poirel test, and inhibitor-based assays, along with their advantages and limitations. The review also highlights emerging molecular diagnostics and their role in improving rapid detection and infection control. Overall, the review emphasizes the continued importance of phenotypic assays, particularly in resource-limited settings, while acknowledging the expanding role of advanced diagnostic technologies.