Decentralised Ledger Solutions for Scalable and Trustworthy Resource Management During Disasters

Efficient disaster response requires scalable, transparent and trustworthy resource management systems. However, centralized approaches frequently suffer from coordination delays, data tampering risks, limited transparency and single points of failure, reducing reliability during large‐scale crises. This study presents a decentralised blockchain‐based framework that integrates smart contracts, decentralised multi‐source oracles for Internet of Things (IoT)‐enabled field reporting, role‐based access control and adaptive urgency scoring to improve allocation prioritisation and trust calibration. The architecture follows a structured three‐tier design. The edge layer supports real‐time sensing and secure data offloading through the Inter‐Planetary File System (IPFS). The blockchain logic layer enforces operational policies, dynamic prioritisation, and reputation scoring using modular, gas‐efficient smart contracts. An integration/API layer ensures secure interoperability among emergency agencies and stakeholders. A hybrid blockchain model combines Ethereum Proof‐of‐Stake (PoS) for public transparency with a permissioned consortium chain for controlled governance. Natural Language Processing (NLP) derives urgency scores from textual disaster reports, while a dynamic supply‐demand aware algorithm adapts resource allocation in real time. Multi‐signature governance and reputation mechanisms further enhance accountability. Experimental evaluation on a simulated testnet demonstrates throughput up to 1000 Transactions Per Second (TPS), alongside measurable improvements in fairness, auditability and allocation efficiency.