Advancements and Challenges in Carbonate Electrocatalytic Reduction

Bicarbonate electrochemical reduction (BER) has emerged as a compelling alternative, utilizing capture-derived solutions to bypass gaseous feed constraints. However, progress is hindered by a lack of advanced catalysts and systematic strategies. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of BER breakthroughs, starting with fundamental mechanisms. We examine catalyst design strategies (morphology, composition, and coordination) tailored for product selectivity. Furthermore, we evaluate the impact of electrolyte engineering and membrane selection on reactor stability and mass transport. A technoeconomic analysis assesses the commercial viability of integrated capture-and-conversion, identifying cost drivers for economic competitiveness. Finally, we outline future priorities, including in situ diagnostics and system integration with renewable energy. This review bridges fundamental science and practical application to guide the development of scalable and sustainable BER technologies.