Documentation of Floral Resources of Kuttanad Wetlands – A Below Sea Level Farming System Within Vembanad Lake, One of thhe Ramsar Sites In Kerala, India

Kuttanad wetlands form an integral part of the Vembanad-Kol wetland system of Kerala, India, representing one of the Ramsar sites assuming conservation significance. It is one of the lowest regions in India, with about 500 km2 of area lying below sea level, and intercepted by lagoons, rivers and canals. Salt water intrusion from the adjoining Lakshadweep Sea in summer and flooding of the area during rainy season are regulated through the operation of a barrage and spillway. The main livelihood of the people is paddy cultivation and coconut farming. Though remains under the pressure of human interferences of various kinds, Kuttanad harbours notable diversity of bio resources. Floral exploration of the wetlands resulted in the documentation of 507 species of angiosperms, two gymnosperms and 14 species of pteridophytes. Fourteen species of true mangroves and 23 mangrove associates were recorded from mangrove formations at three locations. The region also harbours 105 species of minor crops, including lesser utilized resources, and 67 species of medicinal plants. Agroforestry operations are restricted to home gardens, owing to the lesser extent of land holding and higher density of population. A total of 60 species of weeds were found to grow in the wetlands of which Eichhornia crassipes affects navigation apart from causing deterioration of aquatic habitats. Indiscriminate use of pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers together with improper discharge of sewage has caused contamination of Kuttanad wetlands. The present study highlighted the need for appropriate management and conservation of this vibrant ecosystem and its rich and varied floral wealth.