What question did this study set out to answer?

This research aims to compare historical housing issues across multiple European cities with current conditions.

June 6, 2026Open Access

HOUSING QUESTION OLD AND NEW: Mapping Crowding, Tenure, Rents and Segregation in the Neighborhoods of Major European Cities around 1900 and Today

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Historical analysis compares housing conditions and segregation in neighborhoods of 24 European cities, suggesting a resurgence of housing issues.

This research aims to compare historical housing issues across multiple European cities with current conditions.
Analyzed a dataset of 352 cities' housing conditions and 4,376 neighborhoods around the year 1906.
Integrated newly georeferenced historical maps to assess spatial differences in housing conditions.
Conducted a comparative analysis with contemporary housing conditions in the same cities.
Historical housing conditions showed extremely high densities and rent segregation in large northern and eastern European cities.
Current conditions exhibit increased rental burdens and building-structure inequality across neighborhoods.
Despite improvements in homeownership and housing quality, signs of a returning housing question have emerged.

Kohl et al. (2025) studied this question.

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Historical analysis compares housing conditions and segregation in neighborhoods of 24 European cities, suggesting a resurgence of housing issues.