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The aim is to understand how freeze-thaw cycles affect the strength and damage mechanisms of carbonaceous sandstone.

Macroscale to Microscale Strength Evolution of Carbonaceous Sandstone under Freeze–Thaw Cycles

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The aim is to understand how freeze-thaw cycles affect the strength and damage mechanisms of carbonaceous sandstone.
Conducted uniaxial, triaxial, and Brazilian tensile strength tests on carbonaceous sandstone specimens.
Performed multiscale analyses including X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy to characterize material properties.
Developed a strain ratio index system to analyze deformation evolution during freeze-thaw cycling.
After 60 freeze-thaw cycles, UCS decreased by 58.2%, TCS by 58.6%–61.0%, and BTS by 61.7%.
Cohesion, friction angle, and elastic modulus reduced by approximately 39%, 48%, and 38%, respectively.
Microstructural damage included crack propagation and particle detachment, leading to significant degradation of mechanical performance.

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Investigates strength loss due to freeze-thaw cycles in carbonaceous sandstone, highlighting microstructural damage.

You et al. (2026) studied this question.

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