Proposed design framework defines minimum parameters for vascularized cardiac tissue engineering, suggesting essential building blocks.
KHDS v1.0 proposes two minimum evidence-based parameters for vascularized cardiac tissue engineering: (1) capillary diameter of 7 micrometers (Rakusan et al., 1992; Circulation 86:38-46), and (2) myocardial construct thickness of 1 mm per vascularized layer (Vunjak-Novakovic et al., 2010; Tissue Eng Part B Rev 16:169-187). These parameters define the minimum design resolution for functional cardiac vascularization. No fabrication method is prescribed. KHDS v1.0 defines what must be built. Submitted to Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. Pre-registered DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20534889 (June 4, 2026). Open design standard. CC BY 4.0.
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Yoshimitsu Katayama (2026) studied this question.
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