Study derives heart fabrication parameters in 3D bioprinting for efficient heart design, suggesting innovative applications.
This paper derives concrete fabrication parameters for 3D bioprinting of the human heart from first principles within the Koku Universe framework. The heart is modeled as a Dual Koku-face system: T_outer governing the ventricular wall (delta_r = 1-3 mm) and T_inner governing the capillary network (delta_r = 5-10 um), coupled by V = N/D. Four parameters: (1) delta_r_inner = 7 um; (2) delta_r_outer = 1 mm; (3) V_min = 32 (minimum cardiac output); (4) tau = 0.857 s (resting heart rate). Constitutes the Koku Heart Design Specification (KHDS v1.0).
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Yoshimitsu Katayama (2026) studied this question.
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