Laminar Forced Convection over a Non-Isothermal Wedge in a Hybrid Nanofluid with Internal Heat Generation, Thermal Radiation, and Surface Transpiration Effects

This study presents a comprehensive numerical investigation of laminar forced convective boundary layer flow over a non-isothermal wedge immersed in an Al2O3-Cu/water hybrid nanofluid, with relevance to thermal management in high-temperature aerospace systems, microelectronic cooling devices, and nuclear safety components. The research evaluates the combined effects of exponential space-dependent heat generation (ESDHG), thermal radiation, and uniform surface transpiration (suction/blowing) on the hydrothermal performance of the system. The governing non-similar differential equations, incorporating the Rosseland diffusion approximation, are solved using the high-accuracy Keller-box method. The numerical results indicate that increasing the wedge angle parameter compresses the momentum boundary layer, consequently enhancing both the local skin-friction coefficient and the Nusselt number. A key finding is the emergence of a temperature overshoot phenomenon under strong internal heat generation, leading to local heat flux reversal from the fluid toward the solid boundary. This behavior identifies a critical limitation in thermal regulation, showing that excessive internal heating can degrade the cooling effectiveness of the hybrid nanofluid.