This descriptive study identified family dynamics associated with measures of family happiness for biological fathers, stepfathers, and adolescents in 48 European-American gay stepfamilies. The Stepfamily Adjustment Scale was modified for use with this population. For all three family members, family happiness was more highly related to stepfather inclusion in the family and to a positive steprelationship than it was to the couple's relationship, family cohesion, relationship with the ex-wife, money issues, or adolescent family-related self-efficacy. Adolescents were the most closeted and biological fathers were the least closeted.
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Crosbie‐Burnett et al. (1993) studied this question.
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