Key points are not available for this paper at this time.
Accretion onto closed loops of vacuum string results in the formation of compact objects of subgalactic mass which are comparable in number to the frequency of active galactic nuclei and quasars. Such structure develops in baryon- and neutrino-dominated, as well as in axion-dominated, cosmological models. Planar wakes also develop behind relativistically moving open strings and generate fluctuations of order unity in the galaxy density on scales comparable to those of galaxy superclusters.
Silk et al. (Mon,) studied this question.