Artificial intelligence in the diagnosis and management of arrhythmias

Figures

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  Figure 1. An illustration highlighting the impact of artificial intelligence and recent technological advancements on all aspects of patient care in the field of cardiac electrophysiology. ADAS, Automatic Detection of Arrhythmic Substrate; AF, atrial fibrillation; BSM, body surface mapping; CIE, computerized interpretation of electrocardiography; DL, deep learning; EAM, electro anatomical mapping; EP, electrophysiology; LGE, late gadolinium enhancement; MDCT, multidetector computed tomography; ML, machine learning; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; OPTIMA, optimal target identification via modelling of arrhythmogenesis; SBRT, stereotactic body radiotherapy; SR, sinus rhythm; TA, texture analysis; TC, tissue characterization; VAAT, virtual heart arrhythmia ablation targeting; VARP, virtual heart arrhythmia risk predictor approach; VIVO, view into ventricular onset; VT, ventricular tachycardia.

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  Figure 2. Artificial intelligence methodologies with their individual characteristics. AI, artificial intelligence; ANN, artificial neural network; CovNN, convolutional neural network; DNN, deep neural network; KNN, K-nearest neighbours; LR, logistic regression; RF, random forest; RNN, recurrent neural network; SVM, support vector machine.

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  Figure 3. Schematic representation of steps involved in cardiac impulse analysis from the data acquisition to analysis by machine learning algorithm. ECG, electrocardiogram; ML, machine learning; PPG, photo plethysmography.

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  Figure 4. Left panel: Example of non-invasive simultaneous mapping of atrial fibrillation of both the right and left atrium using the electrocardiogram imaging technology. Several mechanisms occur in various areas of the atria simultaneously and thereby maintain atrial fibrillation. Right panel: Example of non-invasive simultaneous mapping of ventricular ectopy using the view into ventricular onset technology.

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  Figure 5. Left panel: 3D image information from computed tomography and myocardial thickness in a patient with coronary artery disease and apical scar after myocardial infarction. Middle panel: Image information of late gadolinium enhancement from cardiac magnetic resonance imaging of the left ventricle with identification of the potentially arrhythmogenic channels within the scar responsible for ventricular re-entrant tachycardia. Right panel: Example of perfusion information from functional nuclear imaging superimposed on a contrast computed tomography scan in a patient with arrhythmogenic right ventricular disease. Ao, aorta; CMR, cardiac magnetic resonance; LA, left atrium; LGE, late gadolinium enhancement; LV, left ventricle; RV, right ventricle.