Smile aesthetics and gender

Smile aesthetics is a multidisciplinary field that explores how the concept of beauty affects human memory, emotions, and perception. Intraoral and gingival components are central to soft-tissue aesthetics and key determinants of an aesthetically pleasing smile. A healthy periodontium, along with optimal gingiva color and texture, significantly contributes to aesthetic perception. This review aims to examine the influence of gender on smile aesthetics and to analyze the intraoral, psychological, and environmental factors that shape the perception and evaluation of smiling. The literature indicates that smile aesthetics is influenced by a range of factors, including age, occupation, psychological state, external influences, and biological variables such as gender. Gingival health, soft tissue characteristics, and intraoral harmony are consistently identified as foundational to aesthetic outcomes. Differences between genders in aesthetic perception and preferences are supported by multiple studies, suggesting potential biological and cultural influences. Gender appears to be an important variable in the evaluation of smile aesthetics, interacting with a variety of biological, psychological, and social factors. Further research is needed to clarify the mechanisms underlying these differences and to develop evidence-based guidelines for personalized aesthetic smile design.