Exploring the Potential of Renewable Energy for Sustainable Mobility: A Simulation- Based study of Hydrogen Vehicle Penetration in Oman’s Road Network

Hydrogen fuel is gaining attention as a promising zero-emission energy source, aligning with global sustainability goals and supporting the transition to zero carbon emissions. This study examines the potential of using hydrogen as an alternative fuel for sustainable mobility in Muscat, Oman. We developed an integrated modelling framework that combines microscopic traffic simulation, energy demand modeling, refueling infrastructure station’ estimation, and well-to-wheel (WTW) emissions evaluation. A microscopic simulation software (SUMO) was applied to evaluate the penetration rate of hydrogen-powered vehicles (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%) with different hydrogen production pathways. Results indicate that with a 60% penetration of green hydrogen, total greenhouse gas (GHE) emissions can be reduced by nearly 95%. Blue hydrogen achieved intermediate benefits by about 60% reduction, whereas grey hydrogen increased total emissions due to fossil- based feedstock. Moreover, cumulative hydrogen consumption increases nonlinearly with the hydrogen vehicle penetration level. The required number of refuelling stations increases exponentially due to quantity and temporal demand. These findings provide decision-makers with quantitative perception into hydrogen adoption, infrastructure requirements, and emissions mitigation pathways.