Integrating Lean and Industry 4.0 Technologies in Supply Chain Operations: Evidence from a Global Survey

This study examines the extent of Industry 4.0 (I4.0) technology adoption across global supply chain functions and investigates the role of Lean programmes as a foundation for digital transformation. An online survey was distributed to supply chain professionals worldwide, generating 70 valid responses from organisations of varying sizes and sectors. Results show that 74% of organisations are currently deploying I4.0 initiatives, and among these, 69% reported having an established Lean programme prior to digitalisation. These findings highlight the synergistic relationship between Lean and I4.0, where Lean maturity enhances digital readiness and I4.0 technologies strengthen Lean capabilities. Although representation from North and South America was limited, the study provides valuable empirical insights into the current state of Lean–I4.0 integration. Future research should consider larger and more regionally balanced samples or longitudinal case studies to further explore adoption patterns. Overall, the study contributes to a deeper understanding of I4.0 deployment across supply chain functions and its strategic interplay with Lean practices.