Effects of night break light sources on morphology and pigment content in standard chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium)

AbstractThis study investigated the effects of incandescent bulbs, compact fluorescent lamps (CFL), and light-emitting diodes (LED) on morphological and pigment traits of ten Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. Varieties, in a factorial completely randomized design with three replications. The plant height, leaf area index (LAI), flowering time, duration, and pigment content were measured. The LED lighting produced tallest plants (103.35 cm), highest LAI (6.28), and largest flowers (19.58 cm), yielding highest anthocyanin (1.84 mg/g) and carotenoid (96.12 mg/g). Incandescent lighting induced earliest flowering (158.87 days), while LED extended flowering duration to 36.34 days. There was significant influence of night break light sources on growth, flowering, and pigment synthesis, LEDs showing the greatest overall benefit.